On August 8, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the
Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa a Public Health Emergency
of International Concern (PHEIC) in accordance with the International
Health Regulations (2005).
The current Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is believed to have
begun in Guinea in December 2013. This outbreak now involves community
transmission in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone and recently an ill
traveler from Liberia infected a small number of people in Nigeria with
whom he had direct contact.
In order to support the global efforts to contain the spread of the
disease and provide a coordinated international response for the travel
and tourism sector, the heads of the World Health Organization (WHO),
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO), Airports Council International (ACI),
International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the World Travel and
Tourism Council (WTTC) decided to activate a Travel and Transport Task
Force which will monitor the situation and provide timely information to
the travel and tourism sector as well as to travelers.
The risk of transmission of Ebola virus disease during air travel is
low. Unlike infections such as influenza or tuberculosis, Ebola is not
spread by breathing air (and the airborne particles it contains) from an
infected person. Transmission requires direct contact with blood,
secretions, organs or other body fluids of infected living or dead
persons or animals, all unlikely exposures for the average traveler.
Travelers are, in any event, advised to avoid all such contacts and
routinely practice careful hygiene, like hand washing.
The risk of getting infected on an aircraft is also small as sick
persons usually feel so unwell that they cannot travel and infection
requires direct contact with the body fluids of the infected person.
Most infections in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, are taking place
in the community when family members or friends take care of someone
who is ill or when funeral preparation and burial ceremonies do not
follow strict infection prevention and control measures.
A second important place where transmission can occur is in clinics
and other health care settings, when health care workers, patients, and
other persons have unprotected contact with a person who is infected. In
Nigeria, cases are related only to persons who had direct contact with a
single traveler who was hospitalized upon arrival in Lagos.
It is important to note that a person who is infected is only able to
spread the virus to others after the infected person has started to
have symptoms. A person usually has no symptoms for two to 21 days (the
“incubation period”). Symptoms include fever, weakness, muscle pain,
headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash,
and in some cases, bleeding.
The risk of a traveler becoming infected with the Ebola virus during a
visit to the affected countries and developing disease after returning
is very low, even if the visit includes travel to areas in which cases
have been reported.
If a person, including a traveler, stayed in the areas where Ebola
cases have been recently reported, he/she should seek medical attention
at the first sign of illness (fever, headache, achiness, sore throat,
diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, rash, red eyes, and in some cases,
bleeding). Early treatment can improve prognosis.
Strengthened international cooperation is needed, and should support
action to contain the virus, stop transmission to other countries and
mitigate the effects in those affected.
Affected countries are requested to conduct exit screening of all
persons at international airports, seaports and major land crossings,
for unexplained febrile illness consistent with potential Ebola
infection. Any person with an illness consistent with EVD should not be
allowed to travel unless the travel is part of an appropriate medical
evacuation. There should be no international travel of Ebola contacts or
cases, unless the travel is part of an appropriate medical evacuation.
Non-affected countries need to strengthen the capacity to detect and
immediately contain new cases, while avoiding measures that will create
unnecessary interference with international travel or trade.
WHO does not recommend any ban on international travel or trade, in
accordance with advice from the WHO Ebola Emergency Committee.
Travel restrictions and active screening of passengers on arrival at
sea ports, airports or ground crossings in non-affected countries that
do not share borders with affected countries are not currently
recommended by WHO.
Worldwide, countries should provide their citizens traveling to
Ebola-affected countries with accurate and relevant information on the
Ebola outbreak and measures to reduce the risk of exposure.
Source: UNWTO
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